Author: shamyr

In this parashah, it is mainly about the sacrifices; what should we bring; how to accomplish them; who should do it; who has the right to consume them and when; what to do with leftovers not eaten.
In Hosea in verse 14:3 it is written:

אמרו אליו, כל-תשא עון וקח-טוב, ונשלמה פרים, שפתינו
We will offer our lips as bull sacrifices.

Prayer is the substitute for sacrifices. Three times a day, we pray, even in the most difficult conditions (wars, pogroms, climate, etc.).

Tirat-Zvi (טירת צבי – fort Zvi) is the first religious kibbutz established in Israel. It is located in the southern part of the Bet Shean Valley. On June 30, 1937, 80 men and women, aged 20 to 25, from Germany and Eastern Europe established a settlement around an existing structure purchased, along with the surrounding land, by the JNF ( Jewish National Fund or KKL – Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael). They name this place Tirat-Zvi in ​​memory of Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalisher, who supported immigration to Eretz. In this region, temperatures are particularly cold in winter (-5°C. or 23° F.) and high in summer (up to 50° C. or 122°F). In the early years, on cold nights, they light fires to protect crops from frost, and on summer nights, kibbutz members sleep outdoors under mosquito nets to escape mosquitoes. For more than ten years, they cleared the land and channeled water from the swamps, a source of malaria. The Arabs do not accept the new community, and six months after its creation, the kibbutz is attacked. The attack is repelled, but the tensions and the attacks will remain important until the war of independence.

Tirat Zvi specializes in the development, production and marketing of meat specialties (pastrami, sausages and other charcuterie).

Chronicles and the Book of Kings describe the conquest of the Northern Kingdom by the monarchs of Assyria, Tiglat-Pilesser III (תגלת פלאסר)¹ and Shalmaneser V (שלמנאסר)². The latter, in 722 BCE, took people of Israel into exile:

II Kings chapter 18.11
ויגל מלך-אשור את-ישראל, אשורה; וינחם בחלח ובחבוֹר, נהר גזן–וערי מדי
The king of Assyria took Israel into exile in the land of Assyria; he transported him to Halah, to the Haber, the river of Gozan, and to the towns of Media.

This is one of many cases of forced deportations implemented by the Assyrian Empire, during which many thousands of Jews were exiled to Assyria.
Based on the size and importance of Hamadān as a royal city or capital of the Medes, Vladimir Lukonin³ thinks it reasonable to assume that many of these Jews settled there, making the Jewish community of Hamadān the oldest outside of Israel⁴.
Benjamin of Tudela⁵ in his Sefer Massa’ot (מסעות ספר – Travel Book) recounts his visit to Hamadān. He estimates the city’s Jewish population at 50,000 and describes the tomb of Esther and Mordecai.
Shāhin of Shiraz⁶, a 14th century Persian Jewish poet, recounts, among other stories, in his epic poem Ardashir-Nāmah⁷, the journey of Queen Esther and Mordechai to Hamadān, where they are said to have died.

Warning: even if it is allowed to drink⁸ more than usual on Purim, avoid drinking a salmanazar (9-liter bottle) or a nebuchadnezzar (15 liters).

¹ Reign 745-727 BCE / ² Reign 727-722 BCE / ³ Vladimir Lukonin (1932-1984), Russian scholar in the field of ancient Iranian history, culture and arts / ⁴ The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran, Lukonin, Cambridge, 1989 (English edition), page 48 / ⁵ Benjamin of Tudela (circa 1130-1173), rabbi, born in Tudela (Navarre), major figure in medieval Jewish geography and history . / ⁶ Shāhin-i Shirāzi worked during the reign of Abu Sa’id Bahadur Khan (1316-1335), and was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez (_^circa 1325-1390). / ⁷ The book of Ardashir or Ahasuerus or Achashverosh, generally identified with Xerxes I (_^circa 518-465 BCE). / ⁸ Shulchan Aruch 695.2, Orchot Chaim Halachot Purim note 38.

Parashat Vayikra (ויקרא – and he called) Leviticus 1:1 – 5:26
The parashah details the prescriptions relating to offerings and sacrifices.

Parshat Zachor (זכור – Remember) Deuteronomy 25:17-19
זכור, את אשר-עשה לך עמלק
Remember what Amalek did to you

It is a Torah obligation to read Parshat Zakhor on the Shabbat preceding Purim.

At the Nuremberg trials, the Nazi Streicher declares that he himself gave the order, in August 1938, to destroy the Great Synagogue of Nuremberg. On October 16, 1946, of the twelve sentenced to death, ten were hanged, the other two condemned committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule, one in 1945 in Berlin and the other a few hours before his execution in his cell. On the scaffold, Streicher behaves without dignity. As he climbs the stairs, he stares at the forty or so witnesses** and shouts “It’s Purim” (see Sacha Simon’s testimony).

תּמחה את-זכר עמלק, מתחת השמים
You will erase the memory of Amalek from under the sky

The bodies are cremated and their ashes scattered in the Pegnitz River, to prevent their graves from becoming gathering places.

* Arno Siegfried Hamburger (1923-2013): in 1972, he was the first president of the Jewish Community of Nuremberg (IKGN) and a municipal councillor.
** The witnesses: German Minister of Justice Wilhelm Hoegner, Attorney General Robert H. Jackson, Doctor Leistner, two American journalists, two English, two Russian and two French, including Sacha Simon and four generals, including General Morel , for France.

Parashat Pequdei (פקודי – Inventories) Exodus: 38:21–40:38

The parasha Peqoudei gives the inventory of the raw materials used for the construction of the Tabernacle, then describes the making of the sacerdotal vestments and the consecration of the priests. The book of Exodus ends with the manifestation of Divine Glory in the completed sanctuary.

7 Adar (Thursday March 10, 2022) Moché Rabenou’s Hiloula
(הילולא from הלל – to praise, to glorify, to exalt, to cry out with joy and fear).
May his merit protect the entire community of Israel.

The community was founded in 1907 by Russian immigrants. Rabbi Meir Ashkenazi, Chief Rabbi of Shanghai, supports the creation of a new space. In 1927, an existing building was transformed and named the Moses Synagogue (摩西会堂 – pinyin Móxī huìtáng). In the 1930s, some 20,000 German and Austrian Jews found refuge in Shanghai. In 1937, Japan occupied Chinese territory, but not Shanghai’s international concessions. In December 1941, the Japanese occupied the entire city and imposed restrictions on the Jews. In 1943, the Jews were rounded up in the Shanghai ghetto, forcing them to live there. In 1949, the synagogue was seized by the communist government and converted into a psychiatric hospital, and most of the Jews left Shanghai. In 2004, the Moshe Synagogue was added to Shanghai’s architectural heritage list. In 2007, the government restored the synagogue to its original architectural style and transformed it into a museum. A few residential buildings from the ghetto period still stand around the old synagogue.

Parashat Vayakhel (ויקהל – And he assembled himself) Exodus 35:1 – 38:20

In the Parasha Vayakhel, Moshe recalls the command to observe the Shabbat, then asks the people to bring the materials to make the tabernacle and the sacred utensils.

Parshat Shekalim (שקלים – Shekels) Exodus 30:11 – 30:16

The Shabbat which precedes the month of Adar (Adar II in embolismic years, like this year 5782 / 2022) is called Shekalim where it is remembered that every male adult, over the age of 20, had to give half a shekel for the needs of public sacrifices. A tiny stone weight from the First Temple period has been discovered during excavations near the Western Wall. This extremely rare and tiny weight bears the inscription bekah (half shekel) in ancient Hebrew script. It weighs 5.67 grams. During the day, the silver beka is equivalent to €3.80, ₪14.10, $4.30 or £3.20.

It is customary to make a donation to works, during the month of Adar, in remembrance of the half-shekel (זכר למחצית השקל – zekher le-machatzit ha-shekel). The most appropriate time to make this gift is the one before the Mincha service, before the Purim fast, in order to associate the Tzedaqah with the fast, contributing to the atonement (Mishna Berura 694, 4, Kaf Ha chaim 25). Some believe it is right for every member of the family, even the fetus in its mother’s womb, to give tzedakah in remembrance of the half-shekel (Kaf Hachaim 694, 27).

זכזכ לאבלאבםם ליצחק וליששאל עבדיך, אשאש נשבעת ללם בך, ותדבתדב אלאלם, אאבב את – זזעכם ככוכבי שמשמים; וכל-הארץ הזאת אשר אמרתי, אתן לזרעכם, ונחלו, לעֹלם
Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, your servants, to whom you swore by yourself, saying to them, I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars of heaven; and all this country that I have designated, I will give it to your posterity, who will possess it forever!

Moshe pleads for forgiveness of the fault of the golden calf. He is heard and God reiterates his promise made to the patriarchs.
The first mention of the existence of Jews in Ulm is recorded in the imperial tax book of 1241. In all European communities, Jews experience moments of tranquility followed by periods of violence. In 1499, the Jews were expelled from the city and it was not until 1856 that a real Jewish community was reformed. In 1873, a synagogue was built. In 1938, it was slightly damaged during Reich pogrom night, then razed by order of the mayor, a member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
In 2012, a new synagogue was built. The architects Johannes Kister, Reinhard Scheithauer and Susanne Gross multiplied the perforations in the facade to create windows with patterns in the shape of a Star of David that illuminate the arch and radiate the synagogue outwards. The limestone used resembles that of many buildings constructed in Eretz Israel. The prayer hall, centered on the diagonal of the building, points exactly in the direction of Jerusalem. The central dodecagon-shaped light symbolizes the twelve tribes.

:ואתה תצַוה את – בני ישראל, ויקחו אליך שמן זית זך כתית – למאור: להעלת נר, תמיד
And you, you will order the children of Israel that they take for you pure oil of crushed olives for the light, in order to make perpetual light rise.

The Talmud teaches that the light of the Menorah spreads not only inside the sanctuary, but also outwards to illuminate the whole world.
In the Torah, service is presented as elevation and not just kindling (להעלת from עלה = to rise, to climb, to migrate [to Israel]). Our Sages specify that the light of the Menorah is none other than that of the Torah and that it must rise through progressive and incessant work. Lighting is mentioned three times in the Torah (Tetsaveh, Emor, Behaalotekha), which shows the importance of this prescription.

The synagogue of Capernaum, which can be visited today, was built in the 4th or 5th century, probably on the foundations of a 1st century synagogue. On the site, a bas-relief representing a candlestick with 7 branches and an olive oil press were found. Located in the north of Jerusalem, the synagogue, oriented north-south, consists of an atrium (main hall), a prayer hall, a patio, a balustrade and a small room.

The synagogues are certainly not the Temple whose reconstruction is long awaited, but they are the testimonies of the existence of a past or present Jewish life. Built in different regions and at different times, these buildings nourished by memory prove to be the will of men to sanctify the Eternal.
My modest contribution is to feed this memory week after week, party after party.
The Great Synagogue of Budapest or Dohány Synagogue is considered the largest in Europe. Above the monumental entrance door is inscribed the verse (Exodus 25:8):

ועשו לי מקדש ושכנתי בתוכם

And they will build me a sanctuary and I will dwell in the midst of them.

The synagogue was built between 1854 and 1859 by the Viennese architect Ludwig Förster in a Moorish style inspired by the Alhambra in Granada. The interior decoration is partly due to Frigyes Feszl. During the inauguration, Franz Liszt played the organ there. During World War II the building suffered severe damage. Its restoration started in 1991, financed by the State and by private donations, in particular those of Estée Lauder and Tony Curtis, was completed in 1998.
In front of the synagogue, a small square bears the name of Theodor Herzl, born in a neighboring house in 1860. The Memory Park adjoining the synagogue houses the memorial of the 600,000 Hungarian Jewish Martyrs and that of the Righteous Among the Nations (Raoul Wallenberg, Carl Lutz, Gertrud Lutz-Fankhauser, Giorgio Perlasca, Ángel Sanz Briz, Angelo Rotta, Friedrich Born, who saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews).

The parsha begins with the phrase וְאֵלֶּה (and behold) which introduces a new dimension to what has been formulated previously. It is the continuity of the ten commandments. In this parasha are promulgated laws on the following subjects: the widow, the orphan, the bride, the parents, the slave, the foreigner, the convert, the courts, the judges, the damage caused to others, the princes , idolatry, Shabbat, shmita, festivals, etc.

L’Orfana Del Ghetto (The Orphan Of The Ghetto), a novel written by Carolina Invernizio in 1899, gives an insight into life in the Cuneo ghetto where the synagogue built in 1611 is located. In 1884, the synagogue was completely renovated in a baroque style, and a facade, opening onto the street by two arched doors reminiscent of the tables of the law, is added. On the ground floor, a library collects texts on the history of the Jews of Piedmont. On the first floor in the prayer hall there is a painted wooden arch, an example of the Venetian Baroque style. On the second floor is the matroneum (עזרת נשים‎ = ezrat nashim).

The Jewish community of Cuneo was once one of the largest in PiedThe Jewish community of Cuneo was once one of the largest in Piedmont. Now reduced to a few families, the synagogue is however still in use.

The Decalogue (The Ten Words) is read during the sixth aliyah (20:2-17).
The Ten Sayings are inscribed in two parashioth, that of Yitro and that of Va’et’hanan.

A controversy sometimes arises as to whether the faithful should stand or not during the reading. Standing up could mean giving greater importance to these Ten Words than to the rest of the Torah.

In the Synagogue of Subotica, Tablets of the Law were placed at the top of the main entrance and above the Hekhal. It is the second largest in Europe. It was designed by architects Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab. The stained glass windows come from Miksa Róth’s workshop and the ceramics from Zsolnay. It is characteristic of the Secession-Hungarian style (current of Art-Nouveau). It is included in the list of cultural monuments of exceptional importance of the Republic of Serbia. It was renovated in March 2018.

Before World War II, the Jewish community numbered about 6,000, of whom only about 1,000 survived the Holocaust. Today, only 200 Jews live in Subotica.